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PCBA or Printed Circuit Board Assembly is the process of connecting or the assembly of components and wirings onto a printed circuit board to give the final result. This is not to be confused with PCB which is the name given to the board before the assembly of electronic components.
Printed Circuit Board has its own manufacturing process which ranges from designing the layout to developing the prototype. One the board is ready, the electrical components are assembled. Here we will discuss the requirements for PCBA, the different processes and the steps these processes involve.
Requirements for PCBA:
Here are the basic requirements for Printed Circuit Board Assembly.
Printed Circuit Board
Electrical components
Soldering Materials (depend on the type of soldering) for example, solder wire, solder paste etc.
Soldering Flux
Equipment for Soldering for example, soldering station, wave soldering machine, testing equipment.
Assembly Process:
Now we will discuss the assembly process. It is of the following types:
1: PTH (Plated Through-hole Technology):
Through-hole technology is the mounting of electronic components, involving the use of leads that are inserted into holes drilled into the PCB and are then soldered on the opposite sides either manually or by automated mounting machines. The assembly could be of two types
Wave Soldering:Wave soldering is a soldering process which involves the use of waves and molten solder to attach electrical components onto the PCB. Essentially, the board is passed over a pan of molten solder. A pump below produces an upwelling almost like a wave of solder. The solder is at high temperature, its range depending on the type of solder. The PCB is passed over the molten solder bath by the help of a conveyer belt, and the components are soldered onto the board. The whole process has the following steps
1: Insertion of electronic components: The various components are first to be assembled into the board.
2: Fluxing: Fluxing is designed to improve the mechanical strength in solder joints. It can be corrosive or non-corrosive. The primary objective is to clean the components that are to be soldered.
3: Preheating:Preheating helps to accelerate the soldering process.
4: Cleaning: The flux residues along with other residues are cleaned basically by solvents or demonized water.
5: Testing: Testing is done to ensure the PCB is of proper quality and has no defects.
Hand Soldering:It is the oldest form of soldering. Hand soldering is done in low bulk quantity. Most common in rework or repair jobs. Hand soldering uses an iron, solder, soldering wick, and flux to attach components to a circuit boards. Sometimes. PCBs that are rejected or are faulty are hand soldered to remove the defects.
2: SMT (Surface Mount Technology):
This technique is widely in use by many PCB manufacturers. The process involves components with metal tabs that can be easily soldered onto the PBC. SMD (Surface Mount Device) don’t have leads or legs. Therefore the process is different from through-hole soldering process.
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